Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Showing 151 - 180 of 181 results
GPTeach: Interactive TA Training with GPT-based Students
Opferman Marek, Piech Landay. (07/2023). ACM Digital Library.
What is the application? Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled Trial, Impact - Quasi-experimentalChatGPT: Revolutionizing student achievement in the electronic magnetism unit for eleventh-grade students in Emirates schools
Saif Alneyadi, Yousef Wardat. (06/2023). CedTech.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalThe Ultimate Study Partner: Using A Custom Chatbot To Optimize Student Studying During Law School
Sean A Harrington. (05/2023). SSRN.
What is the application? Learning Student Support, Organizing
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Product DevelopmentSystematic review of research on artificial intelligence in K-12 education (2017–2022) - pre ChatGPT 3.5
Florence Martin, Min Zhuang, Darlene Schaefer. (05/2023). ScienceDirect.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewHow is ChatGPT Transforming Academia? Examining its Impact on Teaching, Research, Assessment, and Learning
Aqdas Malik, M. Laeeq Khan, Khalid Hussain. (04/2023). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseThe Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Canada: Findings and Opportunities from a Review of 84 AI Governance Initiatives
Blair Attard-Frost, Ana Brandusescu, Kelly Lyons. (04/2023). ScienceDirect.
What is the application? Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader, Others
Which age? Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency
Study design: Systematic ReviewAI literacy in K-12: a systematic literature review
Casal-Otero, Catala, Fernandez-Morante, Taboada, Cebreiro, Barro. (04/2023). SpringerOpen.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Professional Learning, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewInteraction With a Television Character Powered by Artificial Intelligence Promotes Children’s Science Learning
Ying Xu, Julian Levine, Valery Vigil, Daniel Ritchie, Shan Zhang, Trisha Thomas, Carlos Barrera, Michelle Meza, Andres Sebastian Bustamante, Mark Warschauer. (04/2023). EdArXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialThe effect of generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool use on students' computational thinking skills, programming self-efficacy and motivation
Ramazan Yilmaz, Fatma Gizem, Karaoglan Yilmaz. (04/2023). Computers and Education, Artificial Intelligence.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalLogic Against Bias: Textual Entailment Mitigates Stereotypical Sentence Reasoning
Hongyin Luo, James Glass. (03/2023). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Others
Which age?
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalChatGPT for Education and Research: A Review of Benefits and Risks
Sarin Sok, Kimkong Heng. (03/2023). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewChatGPT in Education: Exploring Opportunities for Emerging Economies to Improve Education with ChatGPT
David Mhlanga. (03/2023). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Systematic ReviewOpen AI in Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning
David Mhlanga. (02/2023). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Systematic ReviewA Perspective on K-12 AI Education
Nathan Wang, Paul Tonko, Nikil Ragav, Michael Chungyoun, Jonathan Plucker. (01/2023). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Product DevelopmentNew Modes of Learning Enabled by AI Chatbots: Three Methods and Assignments
Ethan R. Mollick, Lilach Mollick. (12/2022). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseCan Artificial Intelligence Improve Gender Equality? Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Difang Huang, Chen Lin. (08/2022). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalA Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education during the Digital Era
Pongsakorn Limna, Somporch Jakwatanatham, Sutithep Siripipattanakul, Pichart Kaewpuang, Patcharavadee Sriboonruang. (07/2022). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewArtificial Intelligence, Education, and Entrepreneurship
Michael Gofman, Zhao Jin. (07/2022). SSRN.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, Others
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalArtificial Intelligence Applications in K-12 Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Mostafa Zafari, Jalal Safari Bazargani, Abolghasem Sadeghi-Niaraki, Soo-Mi Choi. (05/2022). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewAI-Based Learning Style Prediction in Online Learning for Primary Education
Bens Pardamean, Teddy Suparyanto, Tjeng Wawan Cenggoro, Digdo Sudigyo, Andri Anugrahana. (03/2022). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseHome-Tutoring Services Assisted with Technology: Investigating the Role of Artificial Intelligence Using a Randomized Field Experiment
Jun Hyung Kim, Minki Kim, Do Won Kwak, Sol Lee. (09/2021). Journal of Marketing Research.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialImprovement of Pre-Service Teachers' Practical Knowledge and Motivation about Artificial Intelligence through a Service learning-based Module in Guizhou, China: A QuasiExperimental Study
Song Pu, Nor Aniza Ahmad, Mas Nida Md. Khambari, Ng Keng Yap, Seyedali Ahrari. (07/2021). Research Gate.
What is the application? Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalTeaching Machine Learning in K–12 Classroom: Pedagogical and Technological Trajectories for Artificial Intelligence Education
Matti Tedre, Tapani Toivonen, Juho Kahila, Henriikka Vartiainen, Teemu Valtonen, Ilkka Jormanainen. (07/2021). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewArtificial Intelligence, Teacher Tasks and Individualized Pedagogy
Bruno Ferman, Lima Lycia, Riva Flavio. (02/2021). IDEAS.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialTrustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Education: Pitfalls and Pathways
Nathalie A. Smuha. (12/2020). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Systematic ReviewExperimental Evidence on Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom
Bruno Ferman, Lycia Lima, Flavio Riva. (11/2020). RePEc.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialUse of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Ashok Panigrahi. (05/2020). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseArtificial Intelligence in Education: A Review
Lijia Chen, Pingping Chen, Zhijian Lin. (04/2020). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewQuestioning the Scope of AI Standardization in Learning, Education, and Training
Jon Mason, Bruce E. Peoples, Jaeho Lee. (01/2020). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Systematic ReviewArtificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Applications, Promise and Perils, and Ethical Questions
Elana Zeide. (06/2019). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use
