Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Research synthesis is AI-generated, human reviewed. Updated 05/2025.
Showing 121 - 150 of 580 results
Single-Agent vs. Multi-Agent LLM Strategies for Automated Student Reflection Assessment
Gen Li, Li Chen, Cheng Tang, Valdemar Svabensky, Daisuke Deguchi, Takayoshi Yamashita, Atsushi Shimada. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseBeyond Tools: Generative AI as Epistemic Infrastructure in Education
Bodong Chen. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseUnderstanding Learner-LLM Chatbot Interactions and the Impact of Prompting Guidelines
Cansu Koyuturk, Emily Theophilou, Sabrina Patania, Gregor Donabauer, Andrea Martinenghi, Chiara Antico, Alessia Telari, Alessia Testa, Sathya Bursic, Franca Garzotto, Davinia Hernandez-Leo, Udo Kruschwitz, Davide Taibi, Simona Amenta, Martin Ruskov, Dimitri Ognibene. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Impact – Quasi–experimentalEvaluating Trust in AI, Human, and Co-produced Feedback Among Undergraduate Students
Audrey Zhang, Yifei Gao, Wannapon Suraworachet, Tanya Nazaretsky, Mutlu Cukurova. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalBeyond Answers: How LLMs Can Pursue Strategic Thinking in Education
Eleonora Grassucci, Gualtiero Grassucci, Aurelio Uncini, Danilo Comminiello. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseLLM-based Automated Grading with Human-in-the-Loop
Hang Li, Yucheng Chu, Kaiqi Yang, Yasemin Copur-Gencturk, and Jiliang Tang. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseEduPlanner: LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems for Customized and Intelligent Instructional Design
Xueqiao Zhang, Chao Zhang, Jianwen Sun, Jun Xiao, Yi Yang, and Yawei Luo. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentEducationQ: Evaluating LLMs' Teaching Capabilities Through Multi-Agent Dialogue Framework
Yao Shi, Rongkeng Liang, Yong Xu. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user?
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentLarge Language Models Will Change The Way Children Think About Technology And Impact Every Interaction Paradigm
Rusell Beale. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseConnecting Feedback to Choice: Understanding Educator Preferences in GenAI vs. Human-Created Lesson Plans in K-12 Education – A Comparative Analysis
Shawon Sarkar, Min Sun, Alex Liu, Zewei Tian, Lief Esbenshade, Zachary Zhang, Jian He. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseFrom Prompts to Propositions: A Logic-Based Lens on Student-LLM Interactions
Ali Alfageeh, Sadegh Almahdi Kazemi Zarkouei, Daye Nam, Daniel Prol, Matin Amoozadeh, Souti Chattopadhyay, James Prather, Paul Denny, Juho Leinonen, Michael Hilton, Sruti Srinivasa Ragavan, Mohammad Amin Alipour. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseMultilingual Performance Biases of Large Language Models in Education
Vansh Gupta, Sankalan Pal Chowdhury, Vilem Zouhar, Donya Rooein, Mrinmaya Sachan. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseRethinking the Potential of Multimodality in Collaborative Problem Solving Diagnosis with Large Language Models
Kester Wong, Bin Wu, Sahan Bulathwela, Mutlu Cukurova. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseEvolution of AI in Education: Agentic Workflows
Firuz Kamalov, David Santandreu Calonge, Linda Smail, Dilshod Azizov, Dimple R. Thadani, Theresa Kwong, Amara Atif. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Organizing, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewA Platform for Generating Educational Activities to Teach English as a Second Language
Aiala Rosa, Santiago Gongora, Juan Pablo Filevich, Ignacio Sastre, Laura Musto, Brian Carpenter, Luis Chiruzzo. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAl for Accessible Education: Personalized Audio-Based Learning for Blind Students
Crystal Yang, Paul Taele. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentMathematical Capabilities of Large Language Models in Finnish Matriculation Examination
Mika Setala, Pieta Sikstrom, Ville Heilala, Tommi Karkkainen. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Numeracy
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseINSIGHT: Bridging the Student-Teacher Gap in Times of Large Language Models
Jarne Thys, Sebe Vanbrabant, Davy Vanacken, and Gustavo Rovelo Ruiz. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAssessing AI-Generated Questions' Alignment with Cognitive Frameworks in Educational Assessment
Antoun Yaacoub, Jerome Da-Rugna, Zainab Assaghir. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentInclusive Education with AI: Supporting Special Needs and Tackling Language Barriers
Ricardo Fitas. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Communicating / Social Tools, Learning – Student Support, Organizing, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Professional Learning, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? 0-3 years, Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewExploring Student Behaviors and Motivations when using AI Teaching Assistants with Optional Guardrails
Amanpreet Kapoor, Marc Diaz, Stephen MacNeil, Leo Porter, and Paul Denny. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseThe Usage of AI in Teaching and Students' Creativity: The Mediating Role of Learning Engagement and the Moderating Role of AI Literacy
Min Zhou, Song Peng. (04/2025). Behavioral Sciences.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseThe Usage of AI in Teaching and Students’ Creativity: The Mediating Role of Learning Engagement and the Moderating Role of AI Literacy
Min Zhou, Song Peng. (04/2025). Behavioral Sciences.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive РImplementation and UseThe Usage of AI in Teaching and StudentsÕ Creativity: The Mediating Role of Learning Engagement and the Moderating Role of AI Literacy
Min Zhou, Song Peng. (04/2025). Behavioral Sciences.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseCPG-EVAL: A Multi-tiered Benchmark for Evaluating the Chinese Pedagogical Grammar Competence of Large Language Models
Dong Wang. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator, Others
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentGenerative AI Literacy: A Comprehensive Framework for Literacy and Responsible Use
Chengzhi Zhang, Brian Magerko. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseFostering Self-Directed Growth with Generative AI: Toward a New Learning Analytics Framework
Qianrun Mao. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAugmenting Captions with Emotional Cues: An AR Interface for Real-time Accessible Communication
Sunday David Ubur. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentArtificial Intelligence Generates Stereotypical Images of Scientists but Can Also Detect Them: A Pilot Study Using the Draw-A-Scientist Test
Gyeonggeon Lee. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseTowards responsible AI for education: Hybrid human-AI to confront the Elephant in the room
Danial Hooshyar, Gustav Sir, Yeongwook Yang, Eve Kikas, Raija Hamalainen, Tommi Karkkainen, Dragan Gasevic, Roger Azevedo. (04/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing, Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader, Others
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product Development, Systematic Review
