Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Research synthesis is AI-generated, human reviewed. Updated 05/2025.
Showing 181 - 210 of 580 results
Event Segmentation Applications in Large Language Model Enabled Automated Recall Assessments
Ryan A. Panela, Alexander J. Barnett, Morgan D. Barense, Björn Herrmann. (02/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentThe effectiveness of ChatGPT in assisting high school students in programming learning: evidence from a quasi-experimental research
Tzu-Chi Yang, Yi-Chuan Hsu, Jiun-Yu Wu. (01/2025). Interactive Learning Environments.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalGenAI-101: What Undergraduate Students Need to Know and Actually Know About Generative AI
Sina Rismanchian, Eesha Tur Razia Babar, Shayan Doroudi. (01/2025). EdWorkingPapers.com.
What is the application? Communicating / Social Tools, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewEducation in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the Potential Benefits of ChatGPT in Promoting Teaching and Learning
David Baidoo-Anu, Leticia Owusu Ansah. (01/2025). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Teaching – Professional Learning, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewA Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education
Calvin Yeung, Jeff Yu, King Chau Cheung, Tat Wing Wong, Chun Man Chan, Kin Chi Wong, and Keisuke Fujii. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseA Study on Educational Data Analysis and Personalized Feedback Report Generation Based on Tags and ChatGPT*
Yizhou Zhou, Mengqiao Zhang, Yuan-Hao Jiang, Xinyu Gao, Naijie Liu, Bo Jiang. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentA Review of Artificial Intelligence Interventions for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sofia Kotsi, Spyridoula Handrinou, Georgia Iatraki, Spyridon-Georgios Soulis. (01/2025). MDPI.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional
Study design: Systematic ReviewA Novel Approach to Scalable and Automatic Topic-Controlled Question Generation in Education
Ziqing Li, Mutlu Cukurova, Sahan Bulathwela. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentIntelliChain: An Integrated Framework for Enhanced Socratic Method Dialogue with LLMs and Knowledge Graphs
Changyong Qi, Linzhao Jia, Yuang Wei, Yuan-Hao Jiang, Xiaoqing Gu. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAuto-Evaluation: A Critical Measure in Driving Improvements in Quality and Safety of AI-Generated Lesson Resources
Hannah-Beth Clark, Margaux Dowland, Laura Benton, Reka Budai, Ibrahim Kaan Keskin, Emma Searle, Matthew Gregory, Mark Hodierne, William Gayne, John Roberts. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalTutorLLM: Customizing Learning Recommendations with Knowledge Tracing and Retrieval-Augmented Generation
Zhaoxing LI, Vahid Yazdanpanah, Jindi Wang, Wen Gu, Lei Shi, Alexandra I. Cristea, Sarah Kiden, Sebastian Stein. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalFine-tuning ChatGPT for Automatic Scoring of Written Scientific Explanations in Chinese
Jie Yang, Ehsan Latif, Yuze He, Xiaoming Zhai. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseExploring Iterative Enhancement for Improving Learnersourced Multiple-Choice Question Explanations with Large Language Models
Qiming Bao, Juho Leinonen, Alex Yuxuan Peng, Wanjun Zhong, Gaël Gendron, Tim Pistotti, Alice Huang, Paul Denny, Michael Witbrock, Jiamou Liu. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentiLLuMinaTE: An LLM-XAI Framework Leveraging Social Science Explanation Theories Towards Actionable Student Performance Feedback
Vinitra Swamy, Davide Romano, Bhargav Srinivasa Desikan, Oana-Maria Camburu, Tanja Käser. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Impact – Randomized Controlled TrialDebugging Without Error Messages
How LLM Prompting Strategy Affects Programming Error Explanation EffectivenessAudrey Salmon, Katie Hammer, Eddie Antonio Santos, Brett A. Becker. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UsePredicting Long-Term Student Outcomes From Short-Term Edtech Log Data
Ge Gao, Amelia Leon, Andrea Jetten, Jasmine Turner, Husni Almoubayyed, Stephen Fancsali, Emma Brunskill. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UsePersonalized Parsons Puzzles as Scaffolding Enhance Practice Engagement Over Just Showing LLM-Powered Solutions
Xinying Hou, Zihan Wu, Xu Wang, Barbara J. Ericson. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalEvaluating GenAl for Simplifying Texts for Education: Improving Accuracy and Consistency for Enhanced Readability
Stephanie L. Day, Jacapo Cirica, Steven R. Clapp, Veronika Penkova, Amy E. Giroux, Abbey Banta, Catherine Bordeau, Poojitha Mutteneni, Ben D. Sawyer. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseGenerating Plausible Distractors for Multiple-Choice Questions via Student Choice Prediction
Yooseop Lee, Suin Kim, Yohan Jo. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentGenerative AI in Education: From Foundational Insights to the Socratic Playground for Learning
Xiangen Hu, Sheng Xu, Richard Tong, & Art Graesser. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentBridging the Early Science Gap with Artificial Intelligence: Evaluating Large Language Models as Tools for Early Childhood Science Education
Annika Bush, Amin Alibakhshi. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? 0-3 years
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseEnhancing textual textbook question answering with large language models and retrieval augmented generation
Hessa A. Alawwad, Areej Alhothali, Usman Naseem, Ali Alkhathlan, Amani Jamal. (01/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseDoes ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies
Ruiqi Deng, Maoli Jiang, Xinlu Yu, Yuyan Lu, Shasha Liu. (12/2024). ScienceDirect.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Systematic ReviewScaffold or Crutch? Examining College Students’ Use and Views of Generative AI Tools for STEM Education
Karen D. Wang, Zhangyang Wu, L'Nard Tufts II, Carl Wieman, Shima Salehi, Nick Haber. (12/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseAnalyzing the Impact of AI Tools on Student Study Habits and Academic Performance
Ben Ward, Deepshikha Bhati, Fnu Neha, Angela Guercio. (12/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalLearning-by-teaching with ChatGPT: The Effect of Teachable ChatGPT Agent on Programming Education
Angxuan Chen, Yuang Wei, Huixiao Le, Yan Zhang. (12/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalWho is Helping Whom? Student Concerns about AI-Teacher Collaboration in Higher Education Classrooms
Bingyi Han, Simon Coghlan, George Buchanan, Dana McKay. (12/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalTransformative Influence of LLM and AI Tools in Student Social Media Engagement: Analyzing Personalization, Communication Efficiency, and Collaborative Learning
Masoud Bashiri, Kamran Kowsari. (12/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseThe Impact of Large Language Models on Students: A Randomised Study of Socratic vs. Non-Socratic AI and the Role of Step-by-Step Reasoning
Andrea Blasco, Vicky Charisi. (12/2024). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Impact – Randomized Controlled TrialThe Evolving Usage of GenAI by Computing Students
Irene Hou, Hannah Vy Nguyen, Owen Man, Stephen MacNeil. (12/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimental
