Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Showing 91 - 120 of 181 results
Rethinking the A in STEAM: Insights from and for AI Literacy Education
Pekka Mertala, JAnne Fagerlund, Tomi Slotte Dufva. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Professional Learning, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewTowards Educator-Driven Tutor Authoring: Generative AI Approaches for Creating Intelligent Tutor Interfaces
Tommaso Calo, Christopher J. MacLellan. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Product Development, Impact - Quasi-experimentalDesirable Characteristics for AI Teaching Assistants in Programming Education
Paul Denny, Stephen MacNeil, Jaromir Savelka, Leo Porter, Andrew Luxton-Reilly. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalRealizing Visual Question Answering for Education: GPT-4V as a Multimodal AI
Gyeong-Geon Lee, Xiaoming Zhai. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Systematic ReviewAI Tutoring Outperforms Active Learning
Gregory Kestin Kelly Miller Anna Klales Timothy Milbourne Gregorio Ponti. (05/2024). Research Square.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialChatGPT-generated help produces learning gains equivalent to human tutor-authored help on mathematics skills
Zachary A. Pardos, Shreya Bhandari. (05/2024). PLOS ONE.
What is the application? Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Numeracy
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialArtificial Intelligence and Educational Measurement: Opportunities and Threats
Andrew D. Ho. (05/2024). DASH Harvard.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseDeveloping generative AI chatbots conceptual framework for higher education
Joshua Ebere Chukwuere. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewGenerative AI: Implications and Applications for Education
Anastasia Olga (Olnancy)Tzirides, Akash Saini, Gabriela Zapata, Duane Searsmith, Bill Cope, Mary Kalantzis, Vania Castro, Theodora Kourkoulou, John Jones, Rodrigo Abrantes da Silva, Jen Whiting, Nikoleta Polyxeni Kastania. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalGrade Like a Human: Rethinking Automated Assessment with Large Language Models
Wenjing Xie, Juxin Niu, Chun Jason Xue, Nan Guan. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalEffective and Scalable Math Support: Experimental Evidence on the Impact of an AI- Math Tutor in Ghana
Owen Henkel, Hannah Horne-Robinson, Nessie Kozhakhmetova, Amanda Lee. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Numeracy
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalImproving Teaching at Scale: Can AI Be Incorporated Into Professional Development to Create Interactive, Personalized Learning for Teachers?
Yasemin Copur-Gencturk, Jingxian Li, Sebnem Atabas. (05/2024). American Educational Research Journal.
What is the application? Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialPros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence–ChatGPT Adoption in Education Settings: A Literature Review and Future Research Agendas
Idria Maita, Saide Saide, Afifah Mesha Putri, Didi Muwardi. (04/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Systematic ReviewA Human-Centered Learning and Teaching Framework Using Generative Artificial Intelligence for Self-Regulated Learning Development Through Domain Knowledge Learning in K–12 Settings
Siu-Cheung Kong, Yin Yang. (04/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Impact - Quasi-experimentalCan Autograding of Student-Generated Questions Quality by ChatGPT Match Human Experts?
Kangkang Li, Qian Yang, Xianmin Yang. (04/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalAI and personalized learning: Bridging the gap with modern educational goals
Kristjan-Julius Laak, Jaan Aru. (04/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Systematic ReviewApp Planner: Utilizing Generative AI in K-12 Mobile App Development Education
David Kim, Prerna Ravi, Randi Williams, Daeun Yoo. (04/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Product Development, Impact - Quasi-experimentalThe AI Companion in Education: Analyzing the Pedagogical Potential of ChatGPT in Computer Science and Engineering
Zhangying He, Thomas Nguyen, Tahereh Miari, Mehrdad Aliasgari, Setareh Rafatirad, Hossein Sayadi. (04/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalInstructors as Innovators: a Future-focused Approach to New AI Learning Opportunities, With Prompts
Ethan R. Mollick, Lilach Mollick. (04/2024). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Descriptive - Product DevelopmentChatbot dialogic reading boosts comprehension for Chinese kindergarteners with higher language skills
Xi Cheng, Li Yin, Chaochao Lin, Zhaoning Shi, Hanxiao Zheng, Leqi Zhu, Xiabi Liu, Keran Chen, Rui Dong. (04/2024). ScienceDirect.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialThe GPT Surprise: Offering Large Language Model Chat in a Massive Coding Class Reduced Engagement but Increased Adopters Exam Performances
Allen Nie, Yash Chandak, Miroslav Suzara, Malika Ali, Juliette Woodrow, Matt Peng, Mehran Sahami, Emma Brunskill, Chris Piech. (04/2024). MyIDEAS.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialThe Evolution of Learning: Assessing the Transformative Impact of Generative AI on Higher Education
Stefanie Krause, Bhumi Hitesh Panchal, Nikhil Ubhe. (04/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Impact - Quasi-experimentalFrom Guidelines to Governance: A Study of AI Policies in Education
Aashish Ghimire, John Edwards. (03/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? School Leader
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseGenerative AI in Education: A Study of Educators' Awareness, Sentiments, and Influencing Factors
Aashish Ghimire, James Prather, John Edwards. (03/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalThe future of generative AI chatbots in higher education
Joshua Ebere Chukwuere. (03/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewImproving Student Learning with Hybrid Human-AI Tutoring: A Three-Study Quasi-Experimental Investigation
Danielle R. Thomas, Jionghao Lin, Erin Gatz, Ashish Gurung, Shivang Gupta, Kole Norberg Stephen E. Fancsali, Vincent Aleven, Lee Branstetter, Emma Brunskill, Kenneth R. Koedinger. (03/2024). Association for Computing Machinery.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalGenerative artificial intelligence enhances creativity but reduces the diversity of novel content
"Anil R. Doshi Oliver P. Hauser". (03/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalSupporting Teachers’ Professional Development With Generative AI: The Effects on Higher Order Thinking and Self-Efficacy
Jijian Lu, Ruxin Zheng, Zikun Gong, Huifen Xu. (02/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalCould the Use of AI in Higher Education Hinder Students With Disabilities? A Scoping Review
Oriane Pierrès, Markus Christen, Felix M. Schmitt-Koopmann, Alireza Darvishy. (02/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewGenerative AI for Education (GAIED): Advances, Opportunities, and Challenges
Paul Denny, Sumit Gulwani, Neil T. Heffernan, Tanja Käser, Steven Moore, Anna N. Rafferty, Adish Singla. (02/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Descriptive - Product Development
