Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Showing 61 - 90 of 181 results
Backwards Planning with Generative AI: Case Study Evidence from US K12 Teachers
Samantha Keppler, Wichinpong Park Sinchaisri, Clare Snyder. (08/2024). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalAI Chatbots as Multi-Role Pedagogical Agents: Transforming Engagement in CS Education
Cassie Chen Cao, Zijian Ding, Jionghao Lin, Frank Hopfgartner. (08/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalAI Meets the Classroom: When Does ChatGPT Harm Learning?
Matthias Lehmann, Philipp B. Cornelius, Fabian J. Sting. (08/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled Trial, Impact - Quasi-experimentalFairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applications
Sribala Vidyadhari Chinta, Zichong Wang, Zhipeng Yin, Nhat Hoang, Matthew Gonzalez, Tai Le Quy, Wenbin Zhang. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewCourseAssist: Pedagogically Appropriate AI Tutor for Computer Science Education
Ty Feng, Sa Liu, Dipak Ghosal. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive - Product Development, Impact - Quasi-experimentalTowards Responsible Development of Generative AI for Education: An Evaluation-Driven Approach
Irina Jurenka, Markus Kunesch, Kevin R. McKee, Daniel Gillick, Shaojian Zhu, Sara Wiltberger, Shubham Milind Phal, Katherine Hermann, Daniel Kasenberg, Avishkar Bhoopchand, Ankit Anand, Miruna Pîslar, Stephanie Chan, Lisa Wang, Jennifer She, Parsa Mahmoud. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Product Development, Impact - Quasi-experimentalExploring Generative AI Policies in Higher Education: A Comparative Perspective from China, Japan, Mongolia, and the USA
Qin Xie, Ming Li, Ariunaa Enkhtur. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader, Others
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Other
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Impact - Quasi-experimental, Systematic ReviewIntegrating AI in College Education: Positive yet Mixed Experiences with ChatGPT
Xinrui Song, Jiajin Zhang, Pingkun Yan, Juergen Hahn, Uwe Kruger, Hisham Mohamed, Ge Wang. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalStuGPTViz: A Visual Analytics Approach to Understand Student-ChatGPT Interactions
Zixin Chen, Jiachen Wang, Meng Xia, Kento Shigyo, Dingdong Liu, Rong Zhang, Huamin Qu. (07/2024). .
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Product Development, Impact - Quasi-experimentalGenerative AI Can Harm Learning
Hamsa Bastani, Osbert Bastani, Alp Sungu, Haosen Ge, Özge Kabakcı, Rei Mariman. (07/2024). SSRN.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Randomized Controlled TrialHow do students use ChatGPT as a writing support?
Sarah W. Beck, Chris Mah, Lena Phalen, Jaylen Pittman. (07/2024). International Literacy Association.
What is the application? Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalDecision-Making Framework for the Utilization of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Case Study of ChatGPT
Umar Ali Bukar, Md. Shohel Sayeed, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Sumendra Yogarayan, Radhwan Sneesl. (07/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Systematic ReviewGenerative AI in Higher Education: Seeing ChatGPT Through Universities' Policies, Resources, and Guidelines
Hui Wang, Anh Dang, Zihao Wu, Son Mac. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Systematic ReviewUse Scenarios & Practical Examples of AI Use in Education
Dara Cassidy, Yann-Aël Le Borgne, Francisco Bellas, Riina Vuorikari, Elise Rondin, Madhumalti Sharma, Jessica Niewint-Gori, Johanna Gröpler, Anne Gilleran, Lidija Kralj. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseTo accept or not to accept? An IRT-TOE Framework to Understand Educators' Resistance to Generative AI in Higher Education
Jan-Erik Kalmus, Anastasija Nikiforova. (07/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimental, Systematic ReviewCan Large Language Models Make the Grade? An Empirical Study Evaluating LLMs Ability to Mark Short Answer Questions in K-12 Education
Owen Henkel, Libby Hills, Adam Boxer, Bill Roberts, Zach Levonian. (07/2024). ACM Digital Library.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalComprehensive AI Assessment Framework: Enhancing Educational Evaluation with Ethical AI Integration
Selçuk Kılınç. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Systematic ReviewResponsible Adoption of Generative AI in Higher Education: Developing a "Points to Consider" Approach Based on Faculty Perspectives
Ravit Dotan, Lisa S. Parker, John G. Radzilowicz. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalHarvard Undergraduate Survey on Generative AI
Shikoh Hirabayashi, Rishab Jain, Nikola Jurković, Gabriel Wu. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseBringing Generative AI to Adaptive Learning in Education
Hang Li, Tianlong Xu, Chaoli Zhang, Eason Chen, Jing Liang, Xing Fan, Haoyang Li, Jiliang Tang, Qingsong Wen. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewEncouraging Responsible Use of Generative AI in Education: A Reward-Based Learning Approach
Aditi Singh, Abul Ehtesham, Saket Kumar, Gaurav Kumar Gupta, Tala Talaei Khoei. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Learning Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Product Development, Impact - Quasi-experimentalAI Agents and Education: Simulated Practice at Scale
Ethan Mollick, Lilach Mollick, Natalie Bach, LJ Ciccarelli, Ben Przystanski, Daniel Ravipinto. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive - Product DevelopmentGenerative AI for Enhancing Active Learning in Education: A Comparative Study of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 in Crafting Customized Test Questions
Hamdireza Rouzegar, Masoud Makrehchi. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? School Leader
Which age? Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Outcomes - Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalOverreliance on AI: Literature Review
Samir Passi, Mihaela Vorvoreanu. (06/2024). Microsoft.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Adult
Why use AI? Other
Study design: Systematic ReviewWhat Conversational AI Can (and Can’t) Tell Us About Peer Interaction in Higher Education
Vanessa Peters, Emily Pressler, Julie Neisler, Barbara Means. (06/2024). ISLS Repository.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Other
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalHuman-AI Collaborative Essay Scoring: A Dual-Process Framework with LLMs
Changrong Xiao, Wenxing Ma, Qingping Song, Sean Xin Xu, Kunpeng Zhang, Yufang Wang, Qi Fu. (06/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalUsing ChatGPT for Science Learning: A Study on Pre-service Teachers' Lesson Planning
Gyeong-Geon Lee, Xiaoming Zhai. (05/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Impact - Quasi-experimentalThe Utility of Large Language Models and Generative AI for Education Research
Andrew Katz, Umair Shakir, Ben Chambers. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and UseExploring Teachers' Perception of Artificial Intelligence: The Socio-emotional Deficiency as Opportunities and Challenges in Human-AI Complementarity in K-12 Education
Soon-young Oh, Yongsu Ahn. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Social Emotional
Study design: Impact - Quasi-experimentalGenerative AI in Higher Education: A Global Perspective of Institutional Adoption Policies and Guidelines
Yueqiao Jin, Lixiang Yan, Vanessa Echeverria, Dragan Gašević, Roberto Martinez-Maldonado. (05/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching Instructional Materials, Teaching Assessment and Feedback, Teaching Professional Learning, Learning Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes - Literacy, Outcomes - Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes - Social Emotional, Outcomes - Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive - Implementation and Use, Systematic Review
