Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Research synthesis is AI-generated, human reviewed. Updated 05/2025.
Showing 271 - 300 of 580 results
First-Person Fairness in Chatbots
Tyna Eloundou, Anna-Luisa Brakman, Alex Beutel, David G. Robinson, Pamela Mishkin, Meghan Shah, Keren Gu-Lemberg, Johannes Heidecke, Lilian Weng, Adam Tauman Kalai. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Social Emotional
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalHey AI Can You Grade My Essay?: Automatic Essay Grading
Maisha Maliha, Vishal Pramanik. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalTransforming Teachers' Roles and Agencies in the Era of Generative AI: Perceptions, Acceptance, Knowledge, and Practices
Xiaoming Zhai. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product Development, Systematic ReviewThe Future of Learning in the Age of Generative AI: Automated Question Generation and Assessment with Large Language Models
Subhankar Maity, Aniket Deroy. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product Development, Systematic ReviewStudents Rather Than Experts: A New AI for Education Pipeline to Model More Human-Like and Personalised Early Adolescences
Yiping Ma, Shiyu Hu, Xuchen Li, Yipei Wang, Shiqing Liu, Kang Hao Cheong. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Professional Learning
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentShaping Integrity: Why Generative Artificial Intelligence Does Not Have to Undermine Education
Myles Joshua Toledo Tan, Nicholle Mae Amor Tan Maravilla. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UsePromptHive: Bringing Subject Matter Experts Back to the Forefront with Collaborative Prompt Engineering for Educational Content Creation
Mohi Reza, Ioannis Anastasopoulos, Shreya Bhandari, Zachary A. Pardos. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalOpenDebateEvidence: A Massive-Scale Argument Mining and Summarization Dataset
Allen Roush, Yusuf Shabazz, Arvind Balaji, Peter Zhang, Stefano Mezza, Markus Zhang, Sanjay Basu, Sriram Vishwanath, Mehdi Fatemi, Ravid Shwartz Ziv. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, Others
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentMathFish : Evaluating Language Model Math Reasoning via Grounding in Educational Curricula
Li Lucy, Tal August, Rose E. Wang, Luca Soldaini, Courtney Allison, Kyle Lo. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentLLM-based Cognitive Models of Students with Misconceptions
Shashank Sonkar, Xinghe Chen, Naiming Liu, Richard G. Baraniuk, Mrinmaya Sachan. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentInto the Unknown Unknowns: Engaged Human Learning through Participation in Language Model Agent Conversations
Yucheng Jiang, Yijia Shao, Dekun Ma, Sina J. Semnani, Monica S. Lam. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Randomized Controlled Trial, Impact – Quasi–experimentalHow to Teach Programming in the AI Era? Using LLMs as a Teachable Agent for Debugging
Qianou Ma, Hua Shen, Kenneth Koedinger, Sherry Tongshuang Wu. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalExploring Parent-Child Perceptions on Safety in Generative AI: Concerns, Mitigation Strategies, and Design Implications
Yaman Yu, Tanusree Sharma, Melinda Hu, Justin Wang, Yang Wang. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Student, Parent/Caregiver
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseBeyond Scores: A Modular RAG-Based System for Automatic Short Answer Scoring With Feedback
Menna Fateen, Bo Wang, Tsunenori Mine. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAutomated Feedback in Math Education: A Comparative Analysis of LLMs for Open-Ended Responses
Sami Baral, Eamon Worden, Wen-Chiang Lim, Zhuang Luo, Christopher Santorelli, Ashish Gurung, Neil Heffernan. (10/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Impact – Quasi–experimentalGPT-4 as a Homework Tutor can Improve Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes
Alessandro Vanzo, Sankalan Pal Chowdhury, Mrinmaya Sachan. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact – Randomized Controlled TrialA Comprehensive Review on Generative AI for Education
Uday Mittal, Siva Sai, Vinay Chamola, Devika Sangwan. (09/2024). IEEE.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Teaching – Professional Learning, Learning – Student Support, Communicating / Social Tools, Organizing, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewBoilerTAI: A Platform for Enhancing Instruction Using Generative AI in Educational Forums
Anvit Sinha, Shruti Goyal, Zachary Sy, Rhianna Kuperus, Ethan Dickey, Andres Bejarano. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Teaching – Professional Learning, Communicating / Social Tools
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalAI-Driven Virtual Teacher for Enhanced Educational Efficiency: Leveraging Large Pretrain Models for Autonomous Error Analysis and Correction
Tianlong Xu, Yi-Fan Zhang, Zhendong Chu, Shen Wang, Qingsong Wen. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentPAIGE: Examining Learning Outcomes and Experiences with Personalized AI-Generated Educational Podcasts
Tiffany D. Do, Usama Bin Shafqat, Elsie Ling, Nikhil Sarda. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalAI Governance in Higher Education: Case Studies of Guidance at Big Ten Universities
Chuhao Wu, He Zhang, John M. Carroll. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Teaching – Professional Learning, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Student, Educator, School Leader, Others
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Other
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseQualitative and quantitative analysis of student's perceptions in the use of generative AI in educational environments
Sergio Altares-López, José M. Bengochea-Guevara, Carlos Ranz, Héctor Montes, Angela Ribeiro. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional
Study design: Impact – Quasi–experimentalUsing Large Multimodal Models to Extract Knowledge Components for Knowledge Tracing from Multimedia Question Information
Hyeongdon Moon, Richard Davis, Seyed Parsa Neshaei, Pierre Dillenbourg. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalUsing Generative Artificial Intelligence Creatively in the Classroom: Examples and Lessons Learned
Maria J. Molina, Amy McGovern, Jhayron S. Perez-Carrasquilla, Robin L. Tanamachi. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseTaking the Next Step with Generative Artificial Intelligence: The Transformative Role of Multimodal Large Language Models in Science Education
Arne Bewersdorff, Christian Hartmann, Marie Hornberger, Kathrin Sessler, Maria Bannert, Enkelejda Kasneci, Gjergji Kasneci, Xiaoming Zhai, and Claudia Nerdel. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentMentigo: An Intelligent Agent for Mentoring Students in the Creative Problem Solving Process
Siyu Zha, Yujia Liu, Chengbo Zheng, Jiaqi XU, Fuze Yu, Jiangtao Gong, Yingqing XU. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalLLaVA-docent: Instruction tuning with multimodal large language model to support art appreciation education‚Äö√∫¬©
Unggi Lee, Minji Jeon, Yunseo Lee, Gyuri Byun, Yoorim Son, Jaeyoon Shin, Hongkyu Ko, Hyeoncheol Kim. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentLearning to Love Edge Cases in Formative Math Assessment: Using the AMMORE Dataset and Chain-of-Thought Prompting to Improve Grading Accuracy
Owen Henkel, Hannah Horne-Robinson, Maria Dyshel, Nabil Ch, Baptiste Moreau-Pernet, Ralph Abood. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseHow to Align Large Language Models for Teaching English? Designing and Developing LLM based-Chatbot for Teaching English Conversation in EFL, Findings and Limitations
Jaekwon Park, Jiyoung Bae, Unggi Lee, Taekyung Ahn, Sookbun Lee, Dohee Kim, Aram Choi, Yeil Jeong, Jewoong Moon, Hyeoncheol Kim. (09/2024). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentComputational Language Analysis Reveals that Process-Oriented Thinking About Belonging Aids the College Transition
Dorottya Demszky, C. Lee Williams, Shannon T. Brady, Shashanka Subrahmanya, Eric Gaudiello, Gregory M. Walton, Johannes C. Eichstaedt. (09/2024). EdWorkingPapers.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user?
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional
Study design: Impact – Randomized Controlled Trial
