Research Study Repository
A comprehensive collection of academic research on generative AI in preK12 education organized into three categories:
- Descriptive - Research that describes how generative AI is being used in classrooms, schools, or districts or how products are designed and built.
- Impact (includes RCT + Quasi-Experimental) - Studies that test how well something works including but not limited to randomly dividing people into groups and comparing the results.
- Review - Studies that combine and summarize all the research on a specific genAI topic to find patterns and answers.
We aim to include all research in the above categories on generative AI in preK12 education in the US. As research diverges from genAI for preK12 in the US - such as machine learning, education systems beyond preK12, or studies conducted outside the US - inclusion in the repository is based on relevance to our target audiences:
- Superintendents, state, and federal K12 leaders
- Education support organizations (unions, parent groups, etc.)
- Leadership and product teams at technology companies
- Academic researchers
- Global education leaders
The Research Repository includes pre-published works but does not include journalism on AI for education.
Research synthesis is AI-generated, human reviewed. Updated 05/2025.
Showing 31 - 60 of 580 results
Ai Tutors Vs. Tenacious Myths: Evidence From Personalised Dialogue Interventions In Education
Brooklyn J. Corbett, Jason M. Tangen. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Impact – Randomized Controlled TrialAutomatic Generation Of Inference Making Questions For Reading Comprehension Assessments
Wanjing Anya Ma, Michael Flor, Zuowei Wang. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentIntent Matters: Enhancing Ai Tutoring With Fine-Grained Pedagogical Intent Annotation
Kseniia Petukhova, Ekaterina Kochmar. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalExploring Effective Strategies For Building A Customised Gpt Agent For Coding Classroom Dialogues
Luwei Bai, Dongkeun Han, Sara Hennessy. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator, Others
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAdultification Bias In Llms And Text-To-Image Models
Jane Castleman, Aleksandra Korolova. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user?
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Other
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentT-Texts (Teaching Text Expansion For Teacher Scaffolding): Enhancing Text Selection In High School Literature Through Knowledge Graph-Based Recommendation
Nirmal Gelal, Chloe Snow, Ambyr Rios, Hande Küçük McGinty. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentSmall Models, Big Support: A Local Llm Framework For Teacher-Centric Content Creation And Assessment Using Rag And Cag
Zarreen Reza, Alexander Mazur, Michael T. Dugdale, Robin Ray-Chaudhuri. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentLeveraging Generative Ai For Enhancing Automated Assessment In Programming Education Contests
Stefan Dascalescu, Dumitran Adrian Marius, Mihai Alexandru Vasiluta. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseEvaluating Vision-Language And Large Language Models For Automated Student Assessment In Indonesian Classrooms
Nurul Aisyah, Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar, Arif Hidayat, Raqib Chowdhury, Fajri Koto. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseSimulating Llm-To-Llm Tutoring For Multilingual Math Feedback
Junior Cedric Tonga, KV Aditya Srivatsa, Kaushal Kumar Maurya, Fajri Koto, Ekaterina Kochmar. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseMultiple-Choice Question Generation Using Large Language Models: Methodology And Educator Insights
Giorgio Biancini, Alessio Ferrato, Carla Limongelli. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseSentiment Analysis In Learning Management Systems Understanding Student Feedback At Scale
MOHAMMED ALMUTAIRI. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseGenerating Pedagogically Meaningful Visuals For Math Word Problems: A New Benchmark And Analysis Of Text-To-Image Models
Junling Wang, Anna Rutkiewicz, April Yi Wang, Mrinmaya Sachan. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentFacts Do Care About Your Language: Assessing Answer Quality Of Multilingual Llms
Shmuel Berman, Yuval Kansal, Lydia Liu. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user?
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseTestagent: An Adaptive And Intelligent Expert For Human Assessment
Junhao Yu, Yan Zhuang, YuXuan Sun, Weibo Gao, Qi Liu, Mingyue Cheng, Zhenya Huang, Enhong Chen. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Social Emotional, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalExploiting The English Vocabulary Profile For L2 Word-Level Vocabulary Assessment With Llms
Stefano Bannò, Kate M. Knill, Mark J. F. Gales. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary, Adult
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseTowards Generating Controllable And Solvable Geometry Problem By Leveraging Symbolic Deduction Engine
Zhuoxuan Jiang, Tianyang Zhang, Peiyan Peng, Jing Chen, Yinong Xun, Haotian Zhang, Lichi Li, Yong Li, Shaohua Zhang. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentSingakids: A Multilingual Multimodal Dialogic Tutor For Language Learning
Zhengyuan Liu, Geyu Lin, Yanfeng Lu, Hui Li Tan, Huayun Zhang, Xiaoxue Gao, Stella Xin Yin, He Sun, Hock Huan Goh, Lung Hsiang Wong, Nancy F. Chen. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimentalK12Vista: Exploring The Boundaries Of Mllms In K-12 Education
Chong Li, Chenglin Zhu, Tao Zhang, Mingan Lin, Zenan Zhou, Jian Xie. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentA Practical Guide For Supporting Formative Assessment And Feedback Using Generative Ai
Sapolnach Prompiengchai, Charith Narreddy, Steve Joordens. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Systematic ReviewBd At Bea 2025 Shared Task: Mpnet Ensembles For Pedagogical Mistake Identification And Localization In Ai Tutor Responses
Shadman Rohan, Ishita Sur Apan, Muhtasim Ibteda Shochcho, Md Fahim, Mohammad Ashfaq Ur Rahman, AKM Mahbubur Rahman, Amin Ahsan Ali. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Others
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentAn End-To-End Approach For Child Reading Assessment In The Xhosa Language
Sergio Chevtchenko, Nikhil Navas, Rafaella Vale, Franco Ubaudi, Sipumelele Lucwaba, Cally Ardington, Soheil Afshar, Mark Antoniou, Saeed Afshar. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Literacy
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentCo-Opera: A Human-Al Collaborative Playwriting Tool To Support Creative Storytelling For Interdisciplinary Drama Education
Xuejiao Ma, Haibo Zhao, Zinuo Guo, Yijie Guo, Guanhong Liu, Bo Jiang. (06/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentMachine Vs Machine: Using Ai To Tackle Generative Ai Threats In Assessment
Mohammad Saleh Torkestani, Taha Mansouri. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Assessment and Feedback
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Product DevelopmentEncouraging Students' Responsible Use Of Genai In Software Engineering Education: A Causal Model And Two Institutional Applications
Vahid Garousi, Zafar Jafarov, Aytan Mövsümova, Atif Namazov, Hüseyn Mirzəyev. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Teaching – Assessment and Feedback, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Durable Skills, Reimagined Schooling
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentInnovative Tangible Interactive Games For Enhancing Artificial Intelligence Knowledge And Literacy In Elementary Education: A Pedagogical Framework
Nikolaos Sampanis. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5)
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentWhere's The Line? A Classroom Activity On Ethical And Constructive Use Of Generative Ai In Physics
Zosia Krusberg. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student, Educator
Which age? High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseEvaluating Gemini In An Arena For Learning
LearnLM Team, Google. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Teaching – Instructional Materials, Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Numeracy, Outcomes – Other Academic, Outcomes – Differentiation
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and Use, Descriptive – Product DevelopmentHow Students (Really) Use Chatgpt: Uncovering Experiences Among Undergraduate Students
TAWFIQ AMMARI, MEILUN CHEN, S M MEHEDI ZAMAN, KIRAN GARIMELLA. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support
Who is the user? Student
Which age? Post-Secondary
Why use AI? Outcomes – Literacy, Outcomes – Durable Skills
Study design: Descriptive – Implementation and UseHuman Empathy As Encoder: Ai-Assisted Depression Assessment In Special Education
Boning Zhao. (05/2025). arXiv.
What is the application? Learning – Student Support, Analyzing
Who is the user? Educator
Which age? Elementary (PK5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)
Why use AI? Efficiency, Outcomes – Social Emotional
Study design: Descriptive – Product Development, Impact – Quasi–experimental
