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The Evidence Base on AI in K-12: A 2026 Review

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Protecting And Promoting Human Agency In Education In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence

Authors
Olga Viberg,
Mutlu Cukurova,
Rene F. Kizilcec,
Simon Buckingham Shum,
Dorottya Demszky,
Dragan Gasevic,
Thorben Jansen,
Ioana Jivet,
Jelena Jovanovic,
Jennifer Meyer,
Kou Murayama,
Zach Pardos,
Chris Piech,
Nikol Rummel,
Naomi E. Winstone
Date
Publisher
arXiv
Link
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.20014v1
Human agency is crucial in education and increasingly challenged by the use of generative AI. This meeting report synthesizes interdisciplinary insights and conceptualizes four aspects that delineate human agency: human oversight, AI-human complementarity, AI competencies, and relational emergence. We explore practical dilemmas for protecting and promoting agency, focusing on normative constraints, transparency, and cognitive offloading, and highlight key tensions and implications to inform ethical and effective AI integration in education.
What is the application?
Teaching – Instructional Materials,
Teaching – Assessment and Feedback,
Learning – Student Support,
Analyzing
Who is the user?
Student,
Educator
Who age?
Elementary (PK5),
Middle School (6-8),
High School (9-12),
Post-Secondary,
Adult
Why use AI?
Efficiency,
Outcomes – Differentiation,
Outcomes – Durable Skills,
Reimagined Schooling,
Other
Study design
Descriptive – Implementation and Use,
Descriptive – Product Development