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Rethinking Citation of AI Sources in Student-AI Collaboration within HCI Design Education

Authors
Prakash Shukla,
Suchismita Naik,
Ike Obi,
Jessica Backus,
Nancy Rasche,
Paul Parsons
Date
Publisher
arXiv
The growing integration of AI tools in student design projects presents an unresolved challenge in HCI education: how should AI-generated content be cited and documented? Traditional citation frameworks -- grounded in credibility, retrievability, and authorship -- struggle to accommodate the dynamic and ephemeral nature of AI outputs. In this paper, we examine how undergraduate students in a UX design course approached AI usage and citation when given the freedom to integrate generative tools into their design process. Through qualitative analysis of 35 team projects and reflections from 175 students, we identify varied citation practices ranging from formal attribution to indirect or absent acknowledgment. These inconsistencies reveal gaps in existing frameworks and raise questions about authorship, assessment, and pedagogical transparency. We argue for rethinking AI citation as a reflective and pedagogical practice; one that supports metacognitive engagement by prompting students to critically evaluate how and why they used AI throughout the design process. We propose alternative strategies -- such as AI contribution statements and process-aware citation models that better align with the iterative and reflective nature of design education. This work invites educators to reconsider how citation practices can support meaningful student--AI collaboration.
Study at a glance
  • Question: How do undergraduate students use and cite generative AI tools in their design projects?
  • Setting and data: An undergraduate UX design course; 35 team projects and reflections from 175 students.
  • Method: Qualitative analysis of team projects and student reflections.
Why it matters

The growing integration of AI tools in student design projects presents an unresolved challenge: how should AI-generated content be cited and documented? Traditional citation frameworks struggle to accommodate the dynamic and ephemeral nature of AI outputs.

Key findings
  • In an undergraduate design course with 175 students, AI citation practices varied widely, ranging from formal attribution to indirect or absent acknowledgment.
  • Inconsistent AI crediting revealed gaps in existing frameworks and raised questions about student authorship, assessment, and instructional transparency.
  • Traditional citation frameworks struggle to accommodate the dynamic and temporary nature of generative AI outputs.

Summary drafted with AI from the paper’s abstract and may contain errors. See the full paper for details.

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